Circuit diagrams, electronic components

Parts of a circuit diagram (části elektrického obvodu):

1 node (uzel = spojení 3 a více větví)
2 branch (větev = část obvodu mezi 2 uzly)
3 conductor / wire (vodič = vodivé spojení)
4 terminal (svorka = výstupní nebo vstupní vodivé ukončení obvodu)
5 loop (smyčka = uzavřená část obvodu)
6 ground (zem = uzemnění)

Electronic components (elektronické součástky):

1 resistor (rezistor)
2 capacitor (kondenzátor)
3 inductor / coil (cívka)
4 power supply dc (stejnosměrný napájecí zdroj)
5 voltage source /voltage supply (zdroj napětí)
6 alternating voltage source (zdroj střídavého n.)
7 current source (zdroj proudu= proudový zdroj)
8 transistor (tranzistor)
9 FET = field-effect transistor (tranzistor řízený elektrickým polem)
10 rectifier diode (usměrňovací dioda)
11 Zener diode (Zenerova / stabilizační dioda)
12 op-amp / operational amplifier (operační zesilovač)
13 loudspeaker (reproduktor)
14 load (zátěž = to, co je připojeno na výstupní svorky obvodu)

Electric circuit quantities  (veličiny v elektrickém obvodu)

R … resistance (odpor)
C … capacitance (kapacita)
L … inductivity (indukčnost)
U … voltage (napětí)
I … current (proud)

Units [of measurement]: (jednotky)

Ω ,kΩ, MΩ,  ….. ohm, kiloohm, megaohm,…
F, μF, … farad, microfarad, …
H, mH,… henry, milihenry, …
V volt
A, mA,… amper, miliamper
__________________________________________________________________________

series circuit (sériový obvod)
parallel circuit (paralelní obvod)

dc/d.c./D.C./DC/ direct current = stejnosměrný proud
ac/ a.c./A.C./alternating current = střídavý proud
a.c. voltage/alternating voltage = střídavé napětí
d.c. voltage = stejnosměrné napětí

Ad 6)  What  is inside a mobile phone / a radio (a television)?

http://www.connected-earth.com/FunandGames/Gadgets/Insideyourmobilephone/index.htm

http://www.connected-earth.com/FunandGames/Gadgets/Insidetheradioset/index.htm

Ad 4) Materials in electronics

Conductors
Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat (copper, aluminium, gold, iron,…). Other conductors are graphite, solutions of salts, and all plasmas.
All conductors contain movable electric charges  which will move in the electric field so that they conduct electric current.
                         
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are very similar to insulators but it is possible to control their electrical properties (silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide,…) The behaviour of a semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known as doping and semiconductor conductivity can be controlled by introduction of an electric field, by exposure to light, magnetic field and even pressure and heat.

Insulators = dielectrics
An insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current. Dielectric materials can be solids, liquids, or gases; paper, porcelain, glass, and most plastics, distilled water, air, nitrogen, vacuum etc. are dielectrics

Magnets
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
Ferromagnetic materials are the 'popular' perception of a magnet. These materials can retain their own magnetization (Fe, Co, Ni, metal alloys…)

Superconductors
The resistance of a superconductor, on the other hand, drops abruptly to zero when the  
 material is cooled below its "critical temperature". Superconductors have exactly zero
 resistivity when there is no magnetic field present (tin, aluminium, various metallic alloys
 and some heavily-doped semiconductors).

MT 26 Electronics in our life

1) What role does electronics play in our life? What most important inventions in the history of electronics can you mention?
2) What electric(al) and electronic appliances (white and brown goods) do you know? Which of them do you use? What for?
3) What properties can be measured in electric circuits? What are the units? What measurement devices are used to measure the properties?
4) What materials are used in electronics?
5) Describe the diagrams on pages 3 - 5. Learn the vocabulary on p. 6 to do so.
6) What electronic components are inside a mobile phone / a computer / a TV set / a radio?

Ad 1)
Read: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics  to define electronics
Read: http://science.jrank.org/pages/2376/Electronics-History.html to learn about the history of electronics

Ad 2)

Electric and electronic appliances
There are many appliances, devices, gadget and technologies now used around modern homes that make our lives easier and more comfortable. They are usually powered by electricity. The smallest ones are sometimes battery-operated.

There are appliances, which help us do the cleaning, washing and washing up, cooking and keeping food fresh. Some of them are large and cannot be moved easily, others are small and portable.

These practical household appliances are called “white goods“ in British English because they are usually white.

Used for Appliance
cooking stove, cooker, microwave oven, toaster, electric kettle
food preparation food processor, blender, juicer
food storage fridge (refrigerator), freezer
cleaning dishwasher, washing machine, clothes dryer, vacuum cleaner, carpet cleaner, iron
personal care hair-dryer, electric razor, electric toothbrush
heating heater, air conditioning, fan
Another type of electronic appliances are called consumer electronics. Consumer electronics  include electronic equipment intended for everyday use in entertainment, communications and office work. These appliances are called “brown goods” in British English, too, because they  had originally wooden, wood-coloured or bakelite cases.
Used for Appliance
listening to music etc. CD and DVD player, radio / radio receiver, hifi tower, MP3 player, iPod
watching films TV, home cinema, DVD video, data projector
taking photos, making films camera, camcorder, web camera, scanner, copier (copying machine)
playing games video games console
many uses PC, notebook, PDA, smartphone
communication telephone, mobile phone (cell phone), answering machine, GPS receiver
making calculations calculator, mobile phone

Ad 3)
Measuring devices
ammeter measures electrical current  I  in amperes
voltmeter measures voltage U in volts
multimeter measures current, voltage, resistance and some other quantities
oscilloscope measures current, voltage, frequency, shows the waveforms of the current and voltage
Spectral / spectrum analyzer examines the spectral composition of some electrical, acoustic, or optical waveforms

MO 24 Computers – hardware, MO 25 Software and programming

1. What are computers? What can we do using a computer?
2. How does a computer work?
3. What parts does a typical computer consist of? Describe the role of each of them. Speak about different types of computers.
4. What do you know about the history of computers? Speak briefly about the five generations of computers.
5. What is software? What types of programs do you know? What is each of them used for?
6. How is a computer program written?
7. Speak about programming languages and the communication with the computer.  
What are computers?
Computers are electronic devices which accept data, process the data and give results of the processing.  
Computers help us do many jobs quickly and easily.

We can use the computer to
• write and edit documents
• make calculations
• collect, organize, store and retrieve large amounts of data
• send and receive e-mails
• listen to music and watch films
• look for information and publish information on the Internet
• order goods and pay bills over the Internet
• communicate with other people in chat rooms
• write music, make photos and films
• publish books
• design buildings, cars or clothes and draw pictures
• control other machines and equipment
• learn
• play games
What does a computer consist of?
All the mechanical and electronic parts of a computer are called hardware. The instructions (programs) and data are called software.

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/c/computer.html


How does a computer work?
The user communicates with the computer over input and output devices. He uses programs, gives instructions (commands) and inputs data. The input goes to the  Central Processing Unit. The CPU executes programs and processes data. It is called the “brain“ of the computer. The computer gives results (output) on the screen, in printed form or as sounds.
The programs that are running and the documents that are being worked on are stored in the computer memory (RAM). Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices, e.g. on a hard disk, a floppy disk or a CD ROM.
___________________________________________________________________________

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations.asp

Software

All programs and data are called software. Programs are sets of instructions that make the computer execute operations and tasks. Without programs, computers were useless.
There are two main types of software:

1. system software
2. applications software.

The system software controls the basic functions of a  computer, e.g.
• operating systems
• utilities (antivirus, backup programs, disk defragmenters,disk compression software)

The applications software is used for specific purposes. There are many types of applications software:
• word processors
• spreadsheets / spreadsheet programs
• graphics programs
• database management systems
• web browsers, …

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/software.html

http://mcis.jsu.edu/faculty/malam/CS201-Lecture7.htm

How to write a program

1. Come up with an idea for a program and define the problem.
2. Think of a typical user of the program and of the computer it will be run on.
3. Choose the programming language you will use.
4. Design the program: make a step-by-step plan how to solve the problem
                                                                                            (= design an algorithm).
5. Draw a flowchart – use special symbols to do that.
6. Translate the steps in the flowchart into instructions written in a computer language.
7. Use a compiler to translate these instructions into machine code.
8. Test the program with sample data.
9. Debug the program (=clear it of errors / bugs).
10. Test again and  fix the problems until the program is perfect.
11. Write instructions explaining how to use the program.
12. Release the program to the public.

Programming languages

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/programming_language.html

Computers cannot understand any natural language. The only language they can understand is called machine language (machine code). It consists of a series of binary digits (1s and 0s). Each CPU has its own machine language. It is difficult to write instructions in machine language.
Programmers use an assembly language (=low-level language) or high-level languages instead. They are easier to use.
Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by a program called an assembler.
Programs written in high-level languages are translated into machine language by a special program called a compiler. Another way is to use an interpreter. It is a program that translates high-level instructions into a simpler form which is  then executed.
Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation languages (4GL) – they are closest to human languages and are used to access databases.

High-level languages: BASIC, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, Pascal, Delphi, Python – each of them has its specific keywords and special syntax for organizing program instructions.

The development of programming languages went hand in hand with the development of computers:

• First generation + machine language
• Second generation + assembly language
• Third generation + high-level programming languages (C, C++, Java)
• Fourth generation + 4GL
• Fifth generation + languages used for artificial intelligence and neural networks

MO 23 Information technologies; The Internet

1) Why and how do people communicate?
2) How did people communicate in the history? What modern technologies do they use to communicate nowadays? Compare these technologies.
3) Speak about mobile phones.
• What do they consist of?
• What can people do using them?
• What do you use your mobile phone for?
• What is a smartphone?
4) Speak about the Internet.
• What is the Internet?
• Where and when did it start?
• Why did it start?
• What do you know about  the history of the Internet?
• Who uses the Internet? What for?
• What do you use the Internet for?
• How much time do you spend using the Internet?
• What are the positives and the negatives of the Internet?
• How does the Internet work?
5) What is the Netiquette? Speak about the basic rules of polite communication and behaviour on the Internet.

People communicate to exchange information.
A person sends information / a message. → The other person receives it and reacts / answers. The sender usually expects some feedback.

We usually use words to communicate ( = verbal communication: we speak or write), but we can communicate without words as well (= non-verbal communication): we use gestures, body language, signs and signals, symbols, icons etc. We often combine several kinds of communication: we use gestures when speaking, symbols when writing etc. We use non-verbal communication to express our feelings, emotions, opinions (happiness, anger, love…).
We can communicate face-to-face or over a long distance.
We use speaking and gestures when communicating face to face.
We use modern technologies for communication over long distances.

In the history, people wrote letters to communicate with other people over long distances. Since the 19th century modern technologies have been used: the telegraph and the radio,  the telephone, fax machines, and the computer.
Years ago,  it took time to deliver a message. Today, you can often get an instant reply.
Written messages and our voice are transported in the form of  electric signals via wires and optic cables or sent through the air to satellites and back to Earth using modern wireless technologies.

MO 22 English and American literature; Telling stories

• What kinds of books do you know?
 prose (fiction / non-fiction)
 drama
 poetry
       
         Fiction:
 novel (e.g. historical / psychological / detective / romantic novel, love story, adventure story)
 short story
 fairy tale
 legend
 fantasy
 science- fiction
     
       Non-fiction:
 user manual
 textbook
 dictionary
 biography / autobiography
 travel literature

        Drama:
 tragedy
 comedy
 history / historical play
 sketch
 musical
 opera

        Poetry:
 lyric
 epic
 ballad
 sonnet etc.


• Do you like reading books?
o Why / Why not?
o What kinds of books do you like reading? Why?

• Who is your favourite writer?
o Why?
o Which of his / her books do you like best? Why?

• Speak briefly about one English or American writer / poet / playwright.
     Use (some of) the following items:
     Name, country, nationality
     Born at … in …
     Family / social / religious / ethnic background
     Education
     Career
     Lived in …
     Family (partner, children)
          Inspiration, kind of books
          Success
          Died of … at … in …

• Retell one of these stories:
o William Shakespeare: Hamlet
o Oscar Wilde: The Picture of Dorian Gray
o John Steinbeck: The Pearl
o Edgar Allan Poe: A Descent into the Maelstrom
o Oscar Wilde: The Canterville Ghost

• What do you know about William Shakespeare?
William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616)
William Shakespeare is probably the greatest dramatist and poet in the English language. Unfortunatelly, very little is known about his life.
He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and grew up in the family of a rich glover and merchant. Shakespeare attended the local grammar school. He married at the age of 18. His wife, Anne Hathaway was 26. They had three children.
In 1585, he left Stratford and went to London. He joined a group of actors called the Lord Chamberlain´s Men (later known as the Kings Men). He acted and wrote plays for his acting company and became one of the owners of  the Globe Theatre in London.
During his lifetime Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, 154 sonnets and several narrative poems ( e.g. Venus and Adonis). He earned so much money that he could buy the second-largest house in Stratford.
Around 1610, he returned to Stratford and retired. He died in 1616.

His plays include
17 comedies (e.g. Twelfth Night, Midsummer Night´s Dream, The Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice)
10 tragedies (e.g. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello)
10 histories (history plays) (e.g. Richard II, Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI).

• What do you know about Oscar Wilde?
Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900)

Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, poet and author of many short stories and one novel.

He was born in Dublin in 1854 into a rich and well-educated family. Wilde himself studied at universities in Dublin and Oxford.

After graduation he lived in London and soon became one of the greatest "celebrities" of the late Victorian era. He was a master of witty conversation and teacher of aesthetics. Rich people invited him to their homes. He was extravagant and often provoked other people with his opinions and appearance.

Oscar Wilde married and had two sons but his marriage came to an end after a homosexual affair of his.

In 1895, Wilde was accused of homosexuality. He was arrested and sentenced to two years hard labour for the crime of sodomy. He spent two years in Reading Gaol. In 1897, he wrote a poem about the inhuman conditions in Reading Prison called “The Ballad of Reading Gaol”.

He came out of prison a broken man. He spent the rest of his life wandering Europe, staying with friends and living in cheap hotels. He died in 1900 in Paris.

Wilde was a brilliant dramatist and writer. He wrote comedies which are based on witty dialogues, e.g.:
• An Ideal Husband
• The Importance of Being Earnest (Jak je důležité míti Filipa).

He also wrote fairy tales, e.g.:
• The Happy Prince
• The Nightingale and The Rose (Slavík a růže)
• A Devoted Friend (Oddaný přítel)

and short stories, e.g.:
• The Canterville Ghost.

His only novel is called
• The Picture of Dorian Gray.

MO 21 Shopping and selling; Money

1. Do you like shopping? Why / Why not?
2. Where can you do shopping? Mention various types of shops and say what you can buy in each of them.
3. What is “everyday shopping“? Who does everyday shopping for your family? Where? How often? What do you usually buy?
4. What can we do with the money?
5. What do we spend the money on?
6. Speak about your budget. What do you spend your money on? What do you save up for?
7. What services do you know? Which of them do you use? What for?

Types of shops:
street market, local shop / corner shop, specialist shop, supermarket, hypermarket, department store, shopping mall, shopping centre

Butcher´s (meat, meat products, ham, sausages, frozen food…)
Baker´s (bread, rolls, cakes, pies…)
Dairy (milk products = dairy products)
Grocer´s (food in general)
Greengrocer´s (fruit and vegetables)
Confectioner´s / Sweet shop (sweets, ice-cream, chocolate)
Fishmonger´s (fish)
Bookshop
DIY = Do-It-Yourself shop (=potřeby pro kutily)
Florist´s – flowers and plants
Toyshop  (toys, dolls, Teddy bears, jigsaw puzzles, wooden toys, cars)
Ironmonger´s  (metal goods)
Stationery (paper products, office supplies)
Newsagent´s (newspapers and magazines)
Tobacconist´s (cigarettes and tobacco)
Jeweller´s (jewellery)
Electrical appliances
Chemist´s (AmE drugstore) (toothpaste, detergents, soap, washing powder etc, but also: medicines and ointments)

Money phrases:
earn money  / make money
inherit money - zdědit
lose money – přijít o, ztratit, prohrát
win money / lose money
get money  / receive money - obdržet
spend money on – utratit za
save money / save up  for – šetřit / šetřit si na
put money into a bank account  - uložit peníze na účet
take money out of (my) savings account – vybrat (si) peníze ze spořícího účtu
cost
pay  for – platit za
pay the bill – zaplatit účet
pay in cash  - platit hotově
pay by credit card
owe money – dlužit
arrange for a bank loan – zařídit si půjčku
give (the) money away to a charity
lend money to somebody – půjčit někomu
borrow money from somebody – vypůjčit si od někoho
invest money in something – investovat do
defraud money - zpronevěřit
steal money
counterfait money - padělat
mean  - lakomý
generous - štědrý
be short of money – být bez peněz

ask for a discount – požádat o slevu
look for special offers – hledat „akce“
It´s a bargain! - To je výhodná koupě!

Services
dry cleaner´s  - čistírna
laundry - prádelna
hairdresser´s - kadeřník
beauty salon
fitness centre
tailor´s shop - krejčí
optician´s
estate agent´s – realitní agent
travel agent´s
photographer´s
watchmaker´s
shoe repair shop
car repair shop / garage
petrol station / filling station (AmE)
post services
veterinary doctor / vet
fire fighters
police
ambulance
skilled workers: plumber (instalatér), electrician, mechanic, shoe mender (opravář obuvi), wall painter, tailor (krejčí)

Ve spojení se službami se používá tato vazba:
have something done (= 3. tvar!) =´dát si něco udělat


Např. have a new dress made = dát si ušít nové šaty
          have a coat dry-cleaned – dát si vyčistit kabát
We must have the windows cleaned. Musíme si dát vyčistit okna.
I´m going to have my shoes repaired / mended. Dám si spravit boty.

Weather and climate

Weather is the mix of events that happen each day in our atmosphere. Weather is what nature is doing now. It is cloudy or sunny, hot or cold, windy or calm. Weather is not the same everywhere. Everyday, weather events are recorded and predicted by meteorologists worldwide.

Climate is the average weather pattern in a place over many years. Climate is how weather acts over many years. It´s tropical (wet), arctic (cold), temperate, dry, etc.


The weather in the UK is very changeable, that´s why the British like to talk about it so much.

http://www.englishclub.com/speaking/weather.htm

Weather: Topic No 1
English speakers love to talk about the weather. It is a way of breaking the ice (starting a conversation). People talk about the weather on the phone and in person. Friends and family talk about the weather before they discuss what's new. Co-workers talk about the weather before starting a hard day of work. Even strangers discuss the weather. Learn the proper vocabulary and expressions, and you will find it easy to start a conversation anytime and anywhere with anyone you meet!
Common questions and responses about weather:
What's it like out? It's miserable out.
How's the weather? It's ten below. (-10 degrees)
Do you have rain? We haven't had a drop of rain for weeks.
What's the temperature there? It's 22 degrees Celsius.
It's snowing here, what's it doing there? It's pouring outside. (raining heavily)
Beautiful day, huh? We couldn't ask for a better day than this.
What's the weather forecast? They're calling for blue skies all week.


Find out about the typical weather / climate in these countries:
Australia
The United Kingdom
Ireland
New Zealand
Canada
The USA
The Czech Republic


Weather vocabulary

sun – sunny – sunshine – shine
He was sitting in the sun.
It´s a sunny day today, isn´t it.
There was a lot of sunshine.
The sun was shining and the birds were singing…

wind – windy – blow
It´s a windy day today, isn´t it.
There is very strong wind along the coast.
The wind was blowing but we were walking in the park…

breeze (vánek, vát) - breezy (svěží, větrný)
hurricane, cyclone, tornado

snow – snowy – snowdrifts (závěj, metelice)
ice – icy – icicle (rampouch) – frost – freeze - freezing

rain – pour with rain (lít jako z konve)– rain heavily – rain cats and dogs – rainy – raindrop –  rainfall – shower – showery – drizzle (poprchávat, mrholit)  –  drizzly

hailstones (kroupy)
sleet  (plískanice)

clear – bright - cloudless – cloudy – overcast

icy – freezing – cold – chilly – cool – mild -  warm – hot

mist – místy – fog – foggy

damp (vlhký) – humid (vlhký) – wet
dry – drought

storm – lightning – thunder

dull weather (chmurné počasí)
high / low temperature
below zero / above zero
10°C = ten degrees Celsius / ten degrees Centigrade
98°F = ninety – eight degrees Fahrenheit
http://esl.about.com/library/beginner/blweather.htm
Read this weather forecast for the following day:
In Seattle, it will be rainy and windy tomorrow morning with rain falling until late in the afternoon. On the east side of the mountains in Spokane, the sun will shine and temperatures will reach 30 degrees Celsius. In the evening, the weather will become windy and cloudy. In the mountains, you can expect snow above 2,000 meters.

Visit this website to learn about the weather in the Czech Republic:
http://www.weatherforecastmap.com/czech_republic/prague/

Sources of energy

People need a lot of energy to live and work and to produce things. Electricity is produced (generated) in power plants.

We normally use four things to generate electricity: oil, coal, natural gas (= fossil fuels).  They are called non-renewable sources of energy. The reserves of them  may  be used up (may run out) soon.

Moreover, all of them cause terrible pollution problems: they produce gases. And these gases cause acid rain and the greenhouse effect.

Another source of energy is nuclear power. The problem is that nuclear power leaves dangerous radioactive waste.

The solution to this problem is to prefer alternative sources of energy. They are environment-friendly, cheap and renewable:
• geothermal energy (the energy from the hot centre of the earth)
• hydro-electric power (the everlasting power of the streams)
• wind power (wind generators / wind mills – they are ugly and noisy but they produce cheap electricity)
• solar power (a very cheap way of producing electricity in sunny countries)
• bioenergy (an environment-friendly way of producing biofuel or biogas from biomass
     (= organic wastes).

The solution to this problem is: reduce, reuse, recycle (RRR).

Reduce = use less
Don´t buy things you do not need.
Don´t buy more things than you can use.
Turn the lights off when you leave the room.
Have a shower instead of a bath.
Don´t let TVs and hi-fis on  stand-by.
Walk or use public transport instead of driving a car.
Make two-sided copies, use the blank side of the paper for notepaper.

Reuse = use again
Donate unwanted clothes, furniture and white goods to charities.
Use reusable containers and bags.
Repair instead of replacing.
Use rechargeable batteries.

Recycle = return some materials into the production
Recycling is the processing of used materials so that they can be used again.
About 60% of industrial waste and household rubbish can be recycled. Recycling saves energy and raw materials. Recycling is environment-friendly.
Recyclable materials should be sorted and collected in recycling banks which are usually in the streets. There are specific colours used for each bank (e.g. yellow for the plastics, blue for the paper, etc.). Some materials and wastes are collected in collection yards. Collecting is also  organized by local authorities.

You can collect:
glass, paper, plastics, cartons
aluminium and copper, iron and steel
old textiles
batteries
electric and electronic equipment and appliances
dangerous chemicals (paints, oils) etc

MO 20 Environment; Weather and climate

1) What environmental problems do you know?
2) How do people damage life on earth? Why do they do it?
3) What can we do to protect life on Earth? Speak about RRR.
4) What do people need energy for? Where do they get it from? How can we save energy?
5) What kinds of weather and climate do you know?
6) What is the climate and the typical weather like in the Czech Republic, in Great Britain and Ireland, in the USA and Canada, in Australia and New Zealand?
7) What is the weather like today?

Ad 1)
There are many environmental problems in the world today:

• global warming
• the holes in the ozone layer
• the greenhouse effect
• acid rain
• cutting down and burning tropical rainforests
• air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution.


Global warming  is caused by the greenhouse effect. The heat from the sun is trapped in the atmosphere. The earth is getting warmer. The temperature rises. The snow at the poles begins to melt. Sea levels start to rise. There are floods and droughts. The weather is very changeable and often unpredictable.

There are holes in the ozone layer. They are caused by chemicals called  freons. The ozone layer protects the people and the earth from the sun´s ultraviolet radiation.  Ultraviolet radiation  may cause skin cancer.

The earth suffers from  acid rain. Raindrops contain poisons from the gases that are produced by burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas). Acid rain damages plants, trees, fish in lakes and rivers  and buildings.

Tropical rainforests are important for the health of earth. Many species of plants and animals live there. These rainforests are cut down for wood or burned to clear the land for farming.

Ad 2)

air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution.

People want to live comfortably.
They use many electric and electronic appliances.
They heat their houses.
They use hot water to wash their hands.
They drive their cars and motorbikes.
They want more and more things.
They produce more and more things.
And they produce more and more industrial waste, household garbage,  poisons and smoke.
Factories and cars pollute everything around: air, water and soil.

Vocabulary:
waste – odpad: unwanted materials that are left after you have used something (household waste, industrial waste, chemical waste, nuclear waste, toxic waste
garbage, trash (AmE) = rubbish (BrE) – odpadky, smetí: waste material such as paper, empty containers and food thrown away
litter = rubbish, trash, garbage – odpadky: waste paper, cans etc that people have thrown away and left on the ground in a public place
sewage – odpad, kal: the mixture of waste from the human body and used water that is carried away from houses by pipes under the ground
junk –  brak, haraburdí, staré železo, veteš: old or unwanted objects that have no use or value

MO 19 Travelling and transport

1. Why do people travel?
2. How do people travel? Compare various means of transport. What is your favourite means of transport? Why?
3. How can you travel around Prague, London, New York?
4. Speak about the traffic in Prague, London and New York.
5. Describe your everyday journey to school.
6. Speak about planning a journey (a trip / a holiday in our country /
      a holiday abroad).
7. Who can get a driving licence for a car and how? What is the main difference between driving in the Czech Republic and in Great Britain?

Ad 1)
People travel because they
• have to: they commute to work or school every day
• want to: they enjoy travelling, they want to learn about foreign countries and cultures, they want to meet new people, they want to explore exotic countries, etc.

Ad 2) POZOR: one means of transport – several means of transport (stejný tvar)

Use these words: comfortable, fast, slow, expensive, cheap, reliable, dangerous, safe, practical, romantic, crowded, full of people, empty, delay, be delayed, arrive on time,  …

Speak about: walking, cars, trains coaches, planes, buses, trams, the underground, ferries, ships / boats, taxis

Ad 3)
Prague: You can walk or you can use Prague Integrated Transport. It consists of the underground called the Metro, trams, buses, trains and a funicular. You must have a valid ticket. You can buy several types of tickets. Travelling around Prague by public transport is (expensive / not expensive, comfortable, uncomfortable, the trams are crowded…)

London:
You can go by the underground (called The Tube). It´s the world´s  oldest underground system consisting of 12 lines. You can take a bus, too. Earlier, the most typical London´s means of transport was the red double-decker: but it  became part of history in 2005. You can go by the Docklands Light Railway. You can travel by boat or take a clipper ( a river-bus).
The typical London cabs are black.

New York:
The underground in New York is called The New York City Subway. It´s the world´s largest underground system with its 26 lines and many interchange stations. The most important problem of the Subway is its safety and security. Other means of public transport in New York are trains, buses, ferries and a special aerial tramway (lanovka).  You can also take a taxi which is traditionally yellow.

Ad 4)
There are the same problems with traffic in all three cities.
There are lots of vehicles (cars, lorries / trucks, motorbikes etc.) in the streets: they produce exhaust fumes (výfukové plyny) and smoke and make a lot of noise. In the rush hours, there are traffic jams (in the morning and in the afternoon when the people go to and from  work). There are often accidents and crashes in the streets.

Ad 5)
Use these phrases:
leave home at 7 o´clock
go to the (nearest) bus stop / tram stop / underground station / railway station
wait for the bus
get on the bus
go by bus No 188 (one-eight-eight nebo one-eighty-eight)
The bus is usually crowded.
change for the underground / change the trams
get off the bus at …
walk for about 300m as far as the school building


POZOR:
get on / off the bus, train, tram, coach
Ale: get in a car / get out of a car
Go by bus / train…
travel on a bus
in the bus = vevnitř:  There were many students from our school in that bus.

Ad 6) Planning a journey / a trip / a holiday - answer these questions:
• Where will you go? (to the seaside, to the mountains,…)
• When and for how long will you go?
• How much money can you spend on it?
• Who will you go with?
• How will you travel and why? (means of transport)
• Will you organize your holiday yourself or will you ask a travel agency? Why?
• What kind of holidays will you go on? ( hiking / educational / active / climbing / rafting / camping / beach holidays)
• Where will you be accomodated and where will you eat?
     (stay (bydlet) at a hotel, at a hostel, in a bed-and-breakfast, in a tent,
     in a caravan, in a bungalow…)
• What would you like to do on your holidays?
• Which documents will you need? (a valid passport, in the EU countries a valid identity card, visa/s, the driving licence, proof of insurance)
• What will you pack into your luggage? (outfit and equipment, sleeping bag, good walking shoes, spare shoes, a waterproof / windproof jacket, a lifejacket, swimsuit / bathing costume (dámské plavky), trunks (pánské plavky), sunglasses, suntan lotion, a  first-aid kit + the necessary medicaments, a travel guide, a road  map,
a compass, binoculars, your mobile phone)
• What will you have to arrange for before you leave? (If going to exotic countries you need vaccination. You should get as much information as possible about  your destination before you leave. You should tell somebody where you go and leave them your programme and some addresses for emergency situations.)

Ad 7)
You have to be 18 years old in order to get a driving licence for a car.
You have to attend driving school / you have to take driving lessons
You learn
• The Highway Code
• to drive
• to know how the car works
• to maintain the car
• to render first aid (poskytnout)

At the end of the course you do (take) a driving examination. You have to show that you know the rules and are able to drive safely.
You have to sit a driving theory test and a practical driving test. If you pass both tests, you will get your driving licence.

In the CR you drive on the right while in GB you drive on the left.

Ordering Food in a Restaurant

Waiter: Hello, Can I help you?
Kim: Yes, I'd like to have some lunch.
Waiter: Would you like a starter?
Kim: Yes, I'd like a bowl of chicken soup, please.
Waiter: And what would you like for a main course?
Kim: I'd like a grilled cheese sandwich.
Waiter: Would you like anything to drink?
Kim: Yes, I'd like a glass of Coke, please.
Waiter... After Kim has her lunch.: Can I bring you anything else?
Kim: No thank you. Just the bill.
Waiter: Certainly.
Kim:I don't have my glasses. How much is the lunch?
Waiter: That's $6.75.
Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much.
Waiter: You're welcome. Have a good day.
Kim: Thank you, the same to you.
(http://esl.about.com/library/lessons/blordering.htm)


A. Hi. How are you doing this afternoon?
B. Fine, thank you. Can I see a menu, please?
A. Certainly, here you are.
B. Thank you. What's today's special?
A. Grilled tuna and cheese on rye.
B. That sounds good. I'll have that.
A. Would you like something to drink?
B. Yes, I'd like a coke.
A. Thank you. (returning with the food) Here you are. Enjoy your meal!
B. Thank you.
A. Can I get you anything else?
B. No thanks. I'd like the check (bill - UK English), please.
A. That'll be $6.75.
B. Here you are. Keep the change!
A. Thank you! Have a good day!
B. Bye.

Key Vocabulary
Can I see a menu?
Here you are
Enjoy your meal!
Would you like ...
Can I get you anything else?
I'd like the check (bill - UK English), please.
That'll be $6.75.
Have a good day!
(http://esl.about.com/library/speaking/bldialogues_restaurant.htm)


Ad 7
What you should do to be on a healthy diet:
Eat regularly!
Eat  3 – 5 times daily!
Don´t eat much food at a time!
Sit down while eating!
Eat slowly!
Don´t eat heavy meals in the evening!
Eat organic food!
Eat lots of fruit and vegetables!
Drink milk and eat dairy products!
Prefer eating fish and chicken meat to beef and pork!
Don´t eat much sweet and fat food!
Don´t eat junk food!
Don´t drink too many sweet soft drinks!
Drink enough fresh water!
Don´t drink much strong coffee or tea!
Don´t drink much alcohol!
Don´t smoke!

MO 18 Food and eating habits; At a restaurant

1. What are the usual daily meals in our country? Speak briefly about each of them.
2. What and how do they like eating in Great Britain and the USA?
3. What is the typical menu on special days (Christmas etc.) both in the Czech Republic and in Britain / in the USA?
4. What is your favourite meal and drink? What are you able to cook?
5. On what occasions and where do people dine out? What do they usually eat and drink?
6. Describe a visit to a restaurant.
7. What do we call “a healthy diet“? Speak about good and bad eating habits.

Useful vocabulary:
food = jídlo (jídlo jako celek, potraviny)
meal = jídlo (vyrobené z potravin, udělané, pokrm)
dish = jídlo (konkrétní pokrm / jídlo na talíří, dish = nádoba)
course = chod (a three-course meal)
kitchen = kuchyň (místnost)
cuisine / cooking = kuchyně (způsob vaření)

Ad 1) and 2)

Breakfast
CR:  a light meal, usually bread and butter, rolls with cheese or ham, cakes, cereal(s),  cornflakes etc., cocoa, milk, tea, coffee
GB:  the typical English breakfast consists of ham and eggs, sausages, tomatoes, kippers, (several pieces of) toast, fruit juice, several cups of tea
This breakfast is eaten only on special days (Sundays, holidays…)
On weekdays they usually eat cereal(s) or toast with jam or marmalade and drink fruit juice and tea.

Pozor: slovo toast  ve významu topinka  je nepočitatelné: I usually have toast for breakfast. I usually have two pieces of toast for breakfast.
(a toast = přípitek!!!)

Snack
a small meal in the morning (eaten at school or at work) – usually a sandwich, some fruit, a tub of joghurt…

Lunch
CR: the main meal of the day, it consists of three courses – soup, the main dish and a dessert
Soup: broth (vývar) with rice or noodles, thick soup (zeleninová / hustá / bílá  polévka)
The main dish: usually a piece of meat (pork, beef, chicken, fish) and potatoes, rice, pasta, Bohemian dumplings, vegetables
Dessert: stewed fruit (kompot), pudding, yoghurt, ice cream, biscuits, a piece of cake…
GB: a light meal: fish and chips or some sandwiches

Tea
GB: a light afternoon meal - traditionally tea + cucumber sandwiches or scones (čajové koláčky)  taken at 5 o´clock

Dinner
CR: a warm or a cold dish, light or square (vydatný)
GB:  the main meal of the day, 3 courses: grapefruit / soup + the main dish (meat + potatoes and vegetables) + dessert

Supper
GB: a light evening meal

Ad 2)
The British don´t like cooking very much. Their cuisine is said to be boring and not tasty. But they like eating ethnic food: the Chinese, Indian, Thai, Italian and Mexican foods are the most popular. You can go to many ethnic restaurants or take-aways.
The most typical English fast-food meal is fish and chips.

The Americans have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. They don´t like eating at home, they prefer going to restaurants.
The Americans invented fast-food restaurants. They are very popular all over the world, because they are fast, cheap and they are everywhere. They offer the same things all over the world. The most famous fast-food restaurant is McDonald´s.
The Americans are very keen junk-food eaters: they eat tons of popcorn, millions of hamburgers and hot dogs and drinks gallons of cola. No wonder that they are so fat.

Ad 3)
Traditional Christmas Eve Menu in the CR: fish soup / fried carp and potato salad / Christmas cookies / fruit and nuts / coffee / wine…
Christmas dinner in GB: roast turkey, roast potatoes, vegetables, Christmas pudding

Traditional meals in the CR:
roast pork with dumplings and cabbage / sauerkraut (vepřo-knedlo-zelo)
sirloin in cream sauce (svíčková)
pork schnitzel (vepřový řízek)
sweet plum dumplings (švestkové knedlíky)
apple strudel (jablečný závin)

Ad 5) – 6)
The Czechs usually eat in  because the meals in restaurants are expensive, but if there is a reason to celebrate, they like eating out.  Young people are ready to spend a lot of money on meals in restaurants and fast-foods.
They like ethnic food too: Chinese food and the Italian pizza and pasta are very popular.
Recently, barbecuing has been very popular.
If there is a reception (like a wedding reception), people like having a big meal including a toast (a glass of aperitif), an appetizer / starter (AmE) and – after the meal – a digestif.

People can eat out in a restaurant, a pub, a bar, a café, coffe-bar, etc.
Useful phrases:
reserve a table
sit down at a table
study the menu / choose meals from the menu
order meals and drinks
ask the waiter for the bill
settle the bill
leave (the waiter) a tip

Mo 17 Health and diseases; At the doctor´s

1. Describe the human body.
2. What do we use the body parts for? Fill in the table below.
3. Which diseases and basic injuries do you know? Which of them have you already had?
4. Describe the symptoms of flu (influenza). What should we do to recover soon? What shouldn´t we do?
5. Describe a visit to a doctor´s. Who treats you and where?
6. What do you do for your health?
7. What is “a healthy lifestyle“?

Ad 1) a 2) http://www.learnenglish.de/vocabulary/body.htm


What What for? what What for?
eyes see ears hear
brain teeth
tongue nose
nerves lungs
arms and hands legs and feet
heart stomach


Make sentences:
We use eyes to see things and people around us.
 We use ears to hear noises and sounds.

Ad 3)  - pozor: s některými nemocemi se používají členy, s jinými ne:
Have a bad cold / suffer from diabetes (trpět čím)

Feel well / fine
I am feeling dizzy. – Točí se mi hlava, mám závrať.
tired /terrible
I feel / am off colour.  – Nejsem ve své kůži.

a bad cold – nachlazení: I´ve cought a bad cold.
a cough – kašel
a runny nose - rýma
flu / influenza – chřipka
a sore throat
tonsilitis - angína
pneumonia – zápal plic
tuberculosis / TB – tuberkulóza
rash – vyrážka
pain – bolest
ache – bolest
a headache – bolest hlavy
a stomach ache
a neckache
a back ache
sore eyes
a heart attack – infarkt
a stroke – mrtvice
appendicitis – zánět slepého střeva
cancer – rakovina
diabetes – cukrovka
allergy to – alergie (na)
AIDS
hangover – kocovina
food poisoning
diarrhoea – průjem
vomit / throw up  - zvracet
children´s diseases – dětské nemoci:
chicken pox - plané neštovice
measles –  spalničky
mumps - příušnice
German measles – zarděnky

Basic injuries
a bump (boule)
a bruise (modřina, podlitina, pohmožděnina)
a cut (řezná rána)
a fracture (zlomenina)
a burn (popálenina)
a bite (kousnutí)
a sprain (vyvrknutí, výron): a sprained ankle / a twisted ankle
a swelling (otok) – a swollen knee
You put a plaster on a cut. = náplast
You dress the wound (= clean it and put a bandage on it). = ošetřit ránu, obvaz
The doctor puts the plaster on your broken leg. = sádra
The doctor (surgeon)  stitches a bad cut. = sešít
The surgeon operates on you if necessary. = operovat (pozor na předložku v AJ!)

Ad 4)
Symptoms of flu:
You feel sick and tired.
You may lose your appetite.
Your body aches.
You  have a temperature or even a fever.
You have a runny nose.
You have to blow your nose frequently.
You suffer from dry cough and a sore throat.
You sweat.
You may even throw up.
What should we do to recover from flu?
The most people recover in a few days and they do not need to see a doctor.
• Rest and stay at home.
• Make sure your room is warm and well ventilated.
• Drink plenty of non-alcoholic drinks.
• Do not smoke.
• Eat foods high in vitamin C (such as fruit) and carbohydrates (such as pasta and potatoes).
• Use paracetamol to help reduce fever, aches and pains.
• Suck throat lozenges or gargle salty water to ease sore throats.
• Think twice before using any medicines. Check that they are good for you.
• Do not rush back into everyday activities.
• If you are in a high risk group, or if you think you are seriously ill, go to the doctor´s.
 Ad 5)
At the doctor´s
- You go to the doctor´s (= you see a doctor) when you are not well, you are ill, you suffer from pain, or you have got hurt.
- You go to the GP (= General Practitioner), to a specialist, to (a) hospital.
- You explain what´s wrong with you, describe the symptoms of your illness.
The doctor examines (=vyšetří) you:
- He takes your temperature.
- He listens to your heartbeat and lungs.
- He takes your pulse and blood pressure.
- He looks at your throat.
- He checks your belly.
- He takes a blood sample...
The doctor diagnoses your illness, prescribes you a medicine and recommends what to do. If necessary he refers (= pošle) you to a specialist or to hospital.
The doctor  treats (= ošetří) and cures (=léčí) you.

Paramedic = member of the ambulance crew
Surgeon –  operates on you
Nurse – takes care of you in hospital / in the surgery
GP = General Practitioner – a family dotor
Dentist – repairs your teeth

Ad 6) Use these phrases to speak about a  healthy lifestyle:
Go on a diet / eat a healthy diet
cut down / avoid sweets, avoid fatty foods
eat enough fruit and egetables
(not to) eat junk food ¨
eat regularly / eat small portions of food at a time / overeat
be obese / be slim: manage your weight / lose your weight
be a couch potato / screen potato / be lazy
be optimistic / pessimistic
be a workoholic / be addicted to work
go to the dentist regularly/ have a medical check-up regularly
have enough sleep / relax regularly and effectively
keep fit / do exercises /do sports / walk instead of driving / go jogging, swimming
think positive, manage stress,  have some fun every day
do hobbies / go out with friends
keep a pet

MO 16 Sports and fitness

1. Why do people do sports and games?
2. What
• indoor / outdoor sports
• summer / winter  sports
• ball games
• aquatic (water) sports
• extreme sports
• combat sports (= martial arts) do you know?
o What equipment is necessary to do them?
o Where are they done / played?
3. Which sports
• are you good / bad at?
• do you like doing / watching?
4. How much time do you spend doing sports?
5. What are the most important  / the most famous sports events?
6. What are the most typical sports in Great Britain,  in the USA,  in Canada, in the Czech Republic? Mention several famous teams, sportsmen and sportswomen.
7. What should people do in order to keep fit? What do you do for your health?

Ad 1)
They want to
• relax actively
• keep fit
• feel well
• look young
• be healthy
• lose weight
• build their body …

Ad 2)
Make a list of at least 15 sports.
WHAT TYPE OF SPORT / GAME WHERE EQUIPMENT
football outdoor football pitch ball. goal
swimming aquatic swimming pool swimming costume (women) / trunks (men)
skiing winter / outdoor mountains, ski slope skis
paragliding extreme
judo combat



Useful vocabulary
Where can you do sports?
Sports ground, playing field, rugby / football pitch, tennis court, baseball field, ice rink, sports centre, stadium,  gymnasium, swimming pool, golf course, running track, volleyball / basketball court, ski slope, hiking path

Ad 5)
The Olympic Games were originally held in Ancient Greece. The first modern Olympic games were held in Athens in 1896. They have been celebrated every 4 years except the time of the First and Second World Wars since then. There are Winter and Summer Olympic Games. Until 1992, they were held in the same year. Since then, they have been celebrated two years apart. The Olympic Games are
a multi-sport event. There are competitions in athletics, water sports, wrestling, gymnastics, skiing, skating, etc.
The most popular competition is the Olympic Marathon race, which is over 42km long.  The symbols of the Olympic Games include the Olympic flag (white with five circles representing the continents) and the Olympic fire.

World Championships (in a sport)
European Championships
Cups and tournaments
Tennis: Davis Cup, the four Grand Slam tournaments: Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, U.S. Open
Ice hockey: Stanley Cup
Football: UEFA Cup, FIFA World Cup
Skiing: Alpine Ski(ing) World Cup

Ad 6)
Great Britain:  football, rugby (both of them are winter sports!), cricket, tennis, golf
Many sports have their origins in Britain: Two types of rugby, several types of modern footbal, field hockey, cricket, darts, tennis and boxing were invented there. Golf has its origins in Scotland.
The USA: American football, soccer, baseball, basketball, ice hockey
Canada: lacrosse (Canada´s official national summer sport), ice hockey
The Czech Republic: ….

Ad 7) viz MO 17

System of education

The Czech Republic
There are state and private schools at each level. State schools are free of charge, in private schools the tuition fee must be paid.
Little children can attend nursery schools from the age of 3.
Compulsory education is provided by primary schools. It lasts 9 years  and starts at the age of six or seven.
At the age of 15 (16) secondary education starts. There are many types of secondary schools in our country. They last four years and are finished with the maturita exam.
• gymnázium (grammar school)  - it provides the most general  (academic) type of education
• technical schools  – they provide education in e.g. engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, agriculture, nursing, economy etc.
• schools of arts – they provide education to talented children in music, dancing, fine arts etc.
Children who don´t want to study attend apprentice training centres. These schools provide practical education, last from 2 to 4 years and some of them are finished with the maturita exam.
After having passed the maturita exam, you can enrol in a university, technical university, a college, a course etc. University studies last from 3 to 6 years and are usually finished with a state examination and a diploma work. Then, you get a degree. The oldest university in our country is Charles University in Prague which was founded in 1348 by the Emperor Charles IV.

The United Kingdom.
In each part of the UK, the education system is a bit different.
There are state and private schools in Britain.
The British compulsory (povinný) education consists of 11 years of primary and secondary schools. The school attendance (docházka) starts when the children are five. The most children attend comprehensive schools (střední všeobecně zaměřené školy). At British schools pupils usually have to wear school uniforms. At the age of 16, they sit their GCSE taken in 9 - 10 subjects. Then, they start working, attend a technical or vocational school (učňovská škola) or prepare for their university studies in the 6th form. The 6th form lasts two years and is finished with another exam called A-levels (advanced levels), taken in  3 or 4 subjects. Then, students can start studying at universities, colleges etc. And after two – five years they get a degree.
The most famous universities are Oxford (the oldest university in England) and Cambridge.
Boys from rich families usually study at private schools like Eton, Harrow, Windsor etc.

GCSE = the General Certificate of Secondary Education – nižší všeobecná maturita

The USA
The American compulsory education consists of 12 years of primary and secondary schools.  The school attendance starts when the children are six. Almost all of them attend elementary and high state schools. At the age of 18, they take their High School Diploma or another exam which is compulsory. Then, they start attending another school, college or they can enrol in a university. Many universities in the USA are very famous, but they are private and a high tuition must be paid.
Famous universities: Harvard, Yale, Princeton, University of New York, University of California,  Stanford, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The maturita exam at our school

• consists of three parts: a written, a practical and an oral examination
• the written exam: an essay in the Czech language
• the practical exam:  a graduation project or a one-day practical exam
• the oral exam: (doplňte si sami!)

OBLIGATORY SUBJECTS OPTIONAL SUBJECTS
Czech language and literature English
Maths



If students pass the maturita exam, they get their Maturita Certificate.

Secondary School of Electrical Engineering – List of Subjects

Český jazyk a literatura Czech  Language and Literature
Anglický jazyk English (Language)
Německý jazyk German (Language)
Španělský jazyk Spanish (Language)
Občanská nauka Civics
Dějepis History
Matematika Mathematics / Maths
Fyzika Physics
Chemie (a ekologie) Chemistry (and Ecology)
Tělesná výchova Physical Education / Physical Training
Biologie Biology
Zeměpis Geography
Průmyslové výtvarnictví Industrial Design
Deskriptivní geometrie Descriptive Geometry
CAD systémy CAD Systems (Computer-aided Design)
Technická dokumentace/ Technické kreslení Technical Documentation / Technical Drawing
Strojnictví Engineering
Základy elektrotechniky Basic Electronics
Elektrotechnologie Electrotechnology
Výpočetní technika Computer Technology
Číslicová technika Digital Technology
Elektronika Electronics
Silnoproudá zařízení Electrotechnics
Elektrotechnická měření Electric Measurements
Ekonomika Economics
Praxe Optional Training
Programové aplikace / Programové vybavení Application Software / Software
Programování Programming
Automatizační technika / Automatizace Automation Technology
Automatizační cvičení Automation Training
Mikroprocesorová technika Microprocessors
Elekronické počítače / Počítačové systémy Computer Hardware / Computer Systems
Počítačové aplikace Computer Applications
Informační /a komunikační/ technologie Information / and Communication/ Technology
Technické vybavení   Computer Hardware
Volitelné předměty Optional Subjects


Qualities of a good / bad  teacher / student:
Visit: http://www.ca-in-sapporo.com/classes/goodteacher.html

Building and equipment:

a three-storey building, in a residential area, next to the local health centre
built in the 1950s, originally an elementary school for the children from the new housing estate Malešice

classrooms, corridors, a large cloakroom (šatna) with lockers (skříňky), school canteen (jídelna)

school library, workshops, labs / language labs, classrooms equipped with  modern audio- and video equipment  and PCs

headmaster´s office, deputy heads´  offices (kanceláře zástupkyň ředitele)
teachers´ offices (kabinety), staffroom (sborovna)

2 gyms and a fitness room
football pitch, volleyball court, athletic track
People in our school
headmaster, deputy head (zástupce ředitele), teacher, caretaker (školník), student, pupil, librarian, cloakroom attendant (šatnář), cook

My school day
viz MO 8 / My daily programme

Useful vocabulary:
Going to school
go to school / attend school
school year = 2 terms
holidays: summer holidays, half-term holidays (pololetní) …
lesson / class / period = vyučovací hodina
break, lunchbreak
subject = (školní) předmět
textbook, coursebook, exercise book

Learning
learn (učit se) x teach (vyučovat)
learn for school
study / revise for an exam  - učit se na zkoušku
do / sit (for) an exam / take an exam – dělat zkoušku: např. take a physics exam
pass / fail an exam  = udělat / neudělat zkoušku
do written / spoken / practical test
get a mark for (an essay) – dostat známku z
report – vysvědčení, zpráva o prospěchu
homework: do homework (nepočitatelné!)
hand homework in – odevzdat domácí úkol(y)
make mistakes
correct mistakes – opravovat chyby
cheat – podvádět, opisovat
work hard
school rules – školní řád: follow / break school rules (dodržovat / porušovat školní řád)
play truant (chodit za školu, ulejvat se)

learn to drive a car
learn how to drive a car
learn about African tribes

learn slowly / be a slow learner
learn quickly / be a quick learner
be brilliant at / good at / clever at / bad at / hopeless at chemistry
learn by heart = učit se zpaměti

subjects: easy, difficult, interesting, boring…

Teaching:
prepare lessons, research information for the lessons
explain problems / give explanations
discuss problems with the students
help the students if they need it
set homework – zadávat domácí úkoly
check homework / tests / exams – opravovat
mark homework / tests / exams - známkovat

MO 15 School and education

1. What is our school like? Why have you chosen it? Speak about its present-day life.
2. Describe the school building.
3. Describe a typical classroom.
4. Describe our language lab.
5. Speak about our English lessons.
6. Which subjects do you study here? Which of them are you / bad at?
      Which of them do you / don´t you like? Why?
7. Describe your usual school day.
8. Speak about your maturita exam.
9. What is a good / bad student like? What is a good / bad teacher like?
10. Speak about the education systems in
• the Czech Republic
• Great Britain
• the USA.


About our school: Factfile
Name (The) Secondary School of Electrical Engineering
History founded in 1984 as a Secondary Technical School, provided education in electrical and mechanical engineering
Type of school state school (free of charge)
technical school (= odborná škola - it provides education in electrical engineering, automation, computer science, programming, IT etc.)
Length of study 4 grades (Years 1 – 4)
Branches Electronic Computer Systems
Automation Technology
Information Technology
Technical Lyceum (Technical Lycee)
there will be new branches from September 2010
Students About 600 pupils (students), 15 – 19 years old, mostly boys
Graduation the school leaving examination called maturita taken in 5 subjects

MO 14 Political, economic and moral problems of today´s world

1. What are the most burning problems in the world today?
2. What is the crime? What types of crime do you know? Why do people commit crimes?
3. What are drugs? Why do people take them?
4. What is “a multicultural society“? What are the problems of multicultural societies?
5. Why do people emigrate? Speak about the reasons for emigrating.


Ad 1)
There have always been problems in the world like poverty, disease, natural hazards, crime or war. In the past, the problems were often local. Today, many problems are global.

There are several types of the most burning (nejpalčivější) problems in today´s world:

1) Political problems
• Fights, civil wars and wars
• intolerance and xenofobia, racism (problems of multicultural societies)
• terrorism (solving political problems using violence)

2) economic
• unemployment (very high in some regions, lack of job opportunities)
• poverty and hunger
• disbalance of economic development
• Europe + North America  - rich, highly developed, modern, use advanced technologies, high living standard
• Africa, Asia, South America – poor, underdeveloped, low living standard, dependent on the help of the rich – millionaries, charities etc.

3) environmental
• natural hazards (flood, drought, hurricanes …)
• climate changes (global warming, the greenhouse effect…)
• bad accidents (plane crashes, oil tanker disasters, fires of oil refineries, accidents (havárie)  in chemical factories and nuclear power plants,…)

4) social and cultural
• bad living conditions (slums)
• bad education (work instead of school)
• bad medical care (no vaccination, no prevention, many children die)
• growth of world population (some parts of the world are overpopulated)
• dangerous diseases (AIDS, flu…)
• crime (high criminality rate in some regions)
• drugs,  gambling, alcoholism etc.
• workoholism, computer addiction etc.


Ad 2)
The crime is a bad deed (skutek, čin), something against the law.
If you do something against the law, you break the law (porušit, přestoupit zákon), you commit a crime (spáchat zločin).
You are a criminal.
If you suffer from a crime, you are a victim (oběť).
The police (or the detectives) investigate the crime.
They look for evidence and fingerprints, question (vyslýchat) the witnesses (svědci) and the suspects (podezřelí).
They catch and arrest  (= take prisoner) the most probable offender (pachatel). He / She is accused of the crime (obviněný z trestného činu).
Then, the trial (proces, soud) starts.
If he / she is found guilty (shledán vinným),  the judge (soudce)  sentenses (odsoudí)  him / her to prison.

Kinds of crime:

CRIME VERB OFFENDER
murder to murder a murderer vražda
kidnapping to kidnap a kidnapper únos (např. dítěte)
taking somebody hostage to take sb. hostage a hostage vzetí jako rukojmí
hijacking to hijack a hijacker únos (např. letadla)
rape to rape a rapist znásilnění
terrorism a terrorist
drug dealing deal drugs a drug dealer
smuggling to smuggle a smuggler pašování
fraud to deceive a fraud podvod
blackmailing to blackmail a blackmailer vydírání
theft to steal a thief, a pickpocket krádež

robbery to rob: rob a bank a robber loupež
shoplifting to steal from a shop a shoplifter krádež v obchodě

burglary / housebreaking to burgle: burgle a house a burgler vloupání se (do domu)
mugging to mug a mugger loupežné přepadení
counterfeiting to counterfeit a counterfeiter padělání
bullying to bully a bully šikana
happy slapping to attack, to slap a happy-slapper napadení a zbití někoho a současné natáčení na mobil a poté umístění záznamu na internet




Ad 3)
Drugs are substances (látky) that people use to feel happy and full of energy or to relax their mind and body. Some drugs are very strong and dangerous. People who take illegal drugs are called drug users. They are soon not able to stop taking drugs. They become drug addicts.
The person who sells illegal drugs is called a drug dealer. Drug dealing is a crime.

An addict = podstatné jméno - závislý člověk
Addicted to = přídavné jméno – závislý na

Ad 4)
Multicultural society
A multicultural society is a society in which various cultures and minorities (= ethnic, religious and other groups) live together. Great Britain or the USA are examples of multicultural societies.
People from different cultures create communities according to their nation, religion etc. They keep their traditions alive. They celebrate their festivals, speak their own languge, sing their songs, or eat their meals.
In some countries, minorities live together on friendly terms, in other countries, there is tension or there are even fights (as e.g. in Northern Ireland, in Spain, in India, in some African countries etc.).
Peaceful life in multicultural societies is possible only if there is tolerance, respect for each other´s values, traditions, habits and preferences.
It is rude  to laugh at other people´s colour of skin, sexual orientation. It is impolite to make bad jokes about people from other cultures. It can lead to misunderstanding  and can cause serious problems.

Ad 5)
Reasons for emigrating
(New Opportunities Pre-Intermediate, U32, Tapescript) – adapted

There are many reasons why people emigrate.
Some people want to learn about different ways of life. Living and working in another country is the best way to do this.
Very rich people, like sports stars, sometimes live in another country because they don´t want to pay high taxes.
For the majority of people, however, emigration is not a free choice.
Probably the most common reason for emigrating is to look for work in a richer country. This is because of high unemployment in their own country.
Some people have to emigrate for political reasons: they want to escape persecution. They seek asylum in a free democratic state.
Another reason people have to emigrate is often after a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or flood.
Finally some people have to emigrate to escape from a dangerous situation such as war. These emigrants have to leave their homes to save their lives.







There are many reasons why people emigrate.
Some people leave their home because they want to.
The reasons for that are called pull factors.
They are e.g.
• adventure
• better job opportunities
• well-paid jobs
• better education
• better medical care
• family reasons

Some people leave their homes because they have to.
The reasons for that are called push factors.
They are e.g.
• fights or war
• persecution for political reasons
• religious and other intolerance
• unemployment
• poverty and  famine
• natural disasters
• disease